Harnessing the Power of Reflection in Learning
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10/10/2024
Iryna Ashby, Instructional Designer, Online Learning and Technology, CCRI
Harnessing the Power of Reflection in Learning
With the demands of a packed curriculum, students often move from one topic to the next without fully processing what they have learned. Reflective learning encourages students to critically evaluate their experiences, identify strengths and weaknesses, and make connections between new and prior knowledge. By engaging in reflective practices, students gain insights into their learning habits, overcome barriers, and transform passive learning into active self-discovery and growth. In this post, we will explore how to incorporate reflection into your teaching practices.
The Five Rs of Reflective Practice
The Five Rs of reflection (Bain et al., 2002) offer a structured framework to guide students through deeper thinking and connecting their learning to broader contexts. Here’s how the Five Rs can enhance reflective activities:
- Reporting: Students objectively describe the learning experience, detailing what happened, who was involved, and the outcome. This clarifies the context before deeper reflection.
- Responding: Students reflect on their emotional reactions, considering feelings like frustration, confidence, or engagement. This helps them recognize how emotions influence their learning and decision-making.
- Relating: Connecting the experience to prior knowledge helps students see how it fits into a larger framework and aids in applying knowledge across contexts.
- Reasoning: Students critically analyze the situation, reflecting on causes, influencing factors, and alternative approaches, deepening their critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
- Reconstructing: Students plan how to apply their learning to future situations, focusing on growth and improvement based on their reflections.
How to Incorporate Reflection into Teaching
Incorporating reflection into teaching does not have to be a complex or time-consuming process. Here are several strategies to integrate reflection into your courses:
Reflective Journals
Encourage students to keep a reflective journal throughout the semester. In this journal, they can record their thoughts on what they learned, how they approached assignments, and what challenges they faced. Periodically, ask students to review their journals and identify patterns in their learning. Here are a couple of examples across different disciplines:
- History: "In your journal, reflect on how the themes from World War I resonate with current global conflicts. What similarities or differences do you notice, and how does that change your understanding of both the past and present?"
- Biology: "Reflect on your understanding of genetics. What concept did you find most challenging, and how did you overcome that difficulty? How can this understanding be applied to real-world issues, such as genetic counseling?"
End-of-Class Reflections
At the end of each class, provide a few minutes for students to reflect on the day’s lesson. Ask them to write down one key takeaway, a question they still have, or how the material connects to previous knowledge. This simple exercise encourages students to synthesize what they have learned and deepens their understanding of the content. Here are a couple of examples:
- Physics: "What is one concept from today’s lecture on electromagnetism that you found particularly interesting or confusing? How does it connect to what we previously learned about forces?"
- Sociology: "Reflect on today’s discussion about social class. How does the concept of social mobility apply to your community, and what questions do you still have about the factors that affect it?"
Reflective Essays
Assign reflective essays where students analyze a particular learning experience, such as completing a major project or preparing for an exam. In these essays, students can reflect on what they did well, what they found difficult, and how they would approach similar tasks in the future. For example:
- Computer Science: "Reflect on the process of developing your final coding project. What programming challenges did you encounter, and how did you address them? If you were to start over, what would you do differently to optimize your code?"
- Philosophy: "Reflect on the ethical dilemma we discussed in class. How did your initial stance evolve as you considered different philosophical theories? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each approach?"
Peer Reflection and Feedback
Incorporate peer feedback into your courses. Have students review each other’s work and reflect on their peers’ strengths and areas for improvement. This collaborative reflection helps students develop critical thinking and exposes them to diverse perspectives and approaches. For example:
- Art and Design: "After reviewing your peer’s artwork, reflect on how their approach to composition differs from yours. What techniques did they use that you found effective, and how could you incorporate similar methods into your future projects?"
- Economics: "Reflect on the analysis of economic trends you and your peer discussed. How did their approach to data interpretation differ from yours, and what new insights did you gain from their perspective?"
Case Studies and Real-World Applications
Encourage students to reflect on how the course content applies to real-world situations. Case studies, scenario-based learning, and problem-solving activities are excellent ways to bridge the theoretical knowledge and practical application gap. After completing these exercises, prompt students to reflect on the decisions they made and what they would do differently. For example:
- Nursing: "Reflect on the clinical scenario we worked through today. How did the patient’s symptoms guide your decision-making process? In hindsight, what would you have done differently in terms of diagnosis or treatment?"
- Business: "Reflect on the business case study we discussed. How did the company’s decision-making process align or conflict with the strategic models we studied in class? What factors would you have prioritized in the same situation?"
Reflective Discussion Questions
Use reflective discussion questions to prompt thoughtful dialogue among students. These questions can be posted in online forums, used in classroom discussions, or posed as part of a collaborative activity. Encouraging students to share their reflections aloud or in writing promotes deeper engagement with the material and fosters a more connected learning community. For example:
- Psychology: "Think back on our discussion of cognitive biases. Can you identify a time in your own life when a bias influenced your decision-making? How did recognizing that bias affect the outcome of the situation?"
- Engineering: "Reflect on the design challenge we completed as a team. How did the collaboration process affect the final product? What challenges did you face in communication, and how can you improve your teamwork in future projects?"
Reflection for Faculty: Modeling the Process
As faculty, it is equally important to engage in reflective practices. Consider reflecting on your teaching methods, course design, and student engagement. What strategies worked well? What challenges did you face? How can you adapt to better meet your students’ needs? By modeling reflective behavior, you demonstrate the importance of continuous growth and self-improvement, inspiring students to do the same.
Incorporating reflection into learning is more than just a pedagogical tool; it is a transformative approach that empowers students to take ownership of their learning, develop critical thinking skills, and become lifelong learners. By harnessing the power of reflection, we help shape more insightful, engaged learners better equipped to navigate the complexities of the world around them.
References
Bain, J., Ballantyne, R., Mills, C. & Lester, N. (2002) Reflecting on Practice: Student teachers’ perspectives. Flaxton, QLD: Post Pressed
Simonson, S. R., Frary, M., & Earl, B. (2024, February 21). Teaching excellence through mindful reflection. Faculty Focus | Higher Ed Teaching & Learning; Magna Publications. https://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/teaching-and-learning/teaching-excellence-through-mindful-reflection/