Refer to individual human bones and to the articulated human skeleton. Study
the following bones and bony landmarks.
Vertebrae
Distinguish between cervical , thoracic
, lumbar
and
sacral vertebra
, identify an
atlas
and an axis
. On each vertebra identify the following bony landmarks:
body
,
transverse process
, spinous process
, articular processes
,
articular facets
and
vertebral foramen
. Find the odontoid process (dens)
on the axis and the
transverse costal facets
and costal demifacets
on a thoracic vertebra and the
transverse foramen
on a cervical vertebra. On the vertebral column identify the
intervertebral foramina
and the sacral foramina
. Identify
the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral curvatures.
Ribs
Identify head
, neck
, tubercle
, angle,
subcostal groove
, and body
. On the
articulated skeleton identify the true, false and floating ribs.
Sternum
Identify the segments called sternebrae. The wide superior segment is the
manubrium .
The body (gladiolus)
is made up of four central sternebrae. The joint between
the manubrium and the gladiolus is the sternal angle (angle of Louis)
.
The inferior most sternebra is the
xiphoid process
.
Scapula
Identify the spine , acromion
, metacromion (cat only)
,
supraspinous fossa
,
infraspinous fossa
, subscapular fossa
, glenoid cavity
, coracoid process
,
suprascapular notch
, superior angle
, inferior angle
, supraglenoid tubercle
,
infraglenoid tubercle
, and vertebral border (medial border)
.
Clavicle
Identify the acromion end (distal end)
and the sternal end
(proximal end)
.
Skull
On the occipital bone locate the occipital condyles
, nuchal lines
and the
external occipital
protuberance
. Identify the mastoid process
of the temporal bone.
Identify the above on the articulated cat skeleton.